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Engineering Formula Guides

Problem-first formula explainers paired with live calculators, worked examples, units, assumptions and links to deeper OneCalcApp engineering tools.

Electrical Engineering

Voltage Drop Formula

Voltage drop is the reduction in voltage along a conductor caused by current flowing through its impedance. For a simple DC or single-phase resistive circuit, the round-trip conductor resistance is the key input.

Vdrop = 2 × I × L × R / 1000
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Mechanical Engineering

Torque Formula

Torque is the turning effect of a force about an axis. It depends on the force magnitude, the distance from the axis and the angle between the force and lever arm.

T = F × r × sin(θ)
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Structural Engineering

Beam Deflection Formula

Beam deflection is the displacement of a beam from its unloaded position. Classical elastic formulas depend strongly on span length, loading, Young's modulus and the second moment of area.

Simply supported, centre point load: δmax = P × L³ / (48 × E × I)
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Structural & Mechanical Engineering

Moment of Inertia Formula

In beam and structural calculations, the area moment of inertia (second moment of area) describes how cross-sectional area is distributed about an axis. A larger I generally means greater bending stiffness for the same material.

Rectangle about centroidal x-axis: I = b × h³ / 12
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Fluid Mechanics

Reynolds Number Formula

Reynolds number is a dimensionless ratio comparing inertial and viscous effects in a flowing fluid. It is widely used to assess whether internal flow is broadly laminar, transitional or turbulent.

Re = ρ × v × D / μ = v × D / ν
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Structural & Mechanical Engineering

Bending Stress Formula

The elastic flexure formula relates normal bending stress to bending moment, distance from the neutral axis and the section's second moment of area.

σ = M × y / I
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Materials Engineering

Strain Formula

Engineering strain measures deformation relative to an original gauge length. Because it is a ratio of two lengths, strain itself is dimensionless.

ε = ΔL / L₀ = (L − L₀) / L₀
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Electrical & Mechanical Engineering

Power Formula

Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done. The correct equation depends on whether the system is electrical, mechanical or another energy domain.

DC electrical power: P = V × I
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How these guides are structured

Each page starts with the governing equation, defines every symbol and unit, shows the calculation procedure, includes solved examples and common mistakes, and provides a live calculator for a representative engineering case. Links to the deeper OneCalcApp calculator are included where a dedicated tool already exists.